Table 5 Pairwise community matrix correlations of effective β diversity within and between the eDNA datasets and traditional datasets, Mantel statistic r, and their significance in parentheses using Mantel’s test based on 4,999 permutations

18S

0.484 (0.0034)

trnL

0.801 (2e-04)

0.59 (2e-04)

ITS

0.431 (0.02)

0.588 (2e-04)

0.618 (2e-04)

COI

0.642 (2e-04)

0.593 (2e-04)

0.79 (2e-04)

0.616 (4e-04)

COI-spun

0.342 (0.0318)

0.558 (2e-04)

0.399 (0.012)

0.611 (4e-04)

0.453 (0.0038)

Seedlings

0.499 (0.0464)

0.542 (0.003)

0.469 (0.0328)

0.482 (0.0032)

0.685 (2e-04)

0.427 (0.0036)

Trees

0.259 (0.1004)

0.551 (0.001)

0.317 (0.0622)

0.398 (0.0118)

0.611 (2e-04)

0.43 (0.0022)

0.816 (4e-04)

Inverts

0.322 (0.0988)

0.694 (0.0014)

0.5 (0.03)

0.504 (0.0036)

0.802 (4e-04)

0.611 (0.0064)

0.827 (0.0018)

0.827 (0.004)

Birds

-0.02 (0.4194)

0.29 (0.0934)

0.1 (0.3024)

0.124 (0.2384)

-0.135 (0.6908)

0.021 (0.4132)

-0.046 (0.5122)

-0.024 (0.4714)

-0.031 (0.5126)