Table 4 Mantel statistic r and their significance using Mantel’s test based on 4,999 permutations, and R² and p-value for a linear model of the regression of effective β diversity and difference in elevation in Fig. 7

16S

0.155

0.2048

0.0241

0.309

18S

0.481

0.0042

0.231

8.35e-04

trnL

0.201

0.1378

0.0402

0.187

ITS

0.276

0.0524

0.0763

0.0662

COI

0.487

0.0034

0.237

6.9e-04

COI-spun

0.398

0.0026

0.158

0.00683

Seedlings

0.672

8e-04

0.451

4.37e-07

Trees

0.827

2e-04

0.684

2.51e-12

Invertebrates

0.813

0.0052

0.661

1.48e-07

Birds

0.096

0.2942

0.00929

0.529